While the SEPRINA1 mutations known to cause alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency are uncommon in AA, one could hypothesize from this data that coregulation of the SERPINA1 gene through DNA methylation (and other genes related to lung development in the blue module) could contribute to COPD susceptibility in a disease module framework. The gene discussed is SERPINA1; the disease is alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency.