INS and Insulin resistance: Both beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance contributed to the pathogenesis of recent onset diabetes: with respect to patients without DM, C-pep HOMA2-%B was 71 (52–99) vs 121 (89–155; p<0.05) and insulin HOMA2-%S was 74 (43–133) vs 102 (75–160; p<0.05), respectively (Table 1).