INS and Insulin resistance: Similarly to recent-onset diabetes, both beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance contributed to the pathogenesis of this diabetes: C-pep HOMA2-%B was 61 (25–131) vs 121 (89–155; p<0.05) and insulin HOMA2-%S was 60 (24–117) vs 102 (75–160; p<0.05) in long-standing diabetes and patients without DM, respectively (Table 1).