Consistent with our current findings, others and we have shown previously that high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and their transcripts, IL-1α, IL-6, and IL-8 as well as the IL-1 antagonist receptor 1, are associated with poor disease outcomes for leptospirosis [21, 23, 24, 46]. Here, CXCL8 is linked to leptospirosis.