NODAL and embryonal carcinoma: To find additional evidence indicating that the function of GAS5 is related to NODAL signalling, we chose three hESC-related or embryonic carcinoma-related microarray data sets from the GEO database25, 26, 27 that were treated with rhNODAL, a NODAL inhibitor or Activin (a cytokine that shares receptors with NODAL) and analysed gene enrichment in the TGFβ and SMAD-binding subsets via GSEA.