This common set of leading edge genes included multiple genes implicated in the interrelated processes of DNA binding (LEF1, MLH1, RBM5, STAT1, CITED2, APLP2, DDX3Y, ZNF589), metal binding (MAN1A1, PRIM1, RBM5, STAT1, ZFP161, and ZNF589), apoptosis regulation (CITED2, MLH1, RBM5, STAT1), and cancer pathways (HSP90AA1, LEF1, MLH1, STAT1). Here, PRIM1 is linked to cancer.