PPIA and Hyperglycemia: The oxidative stress levels were increased in macrophages treated with cyclophilin A. Formation of ROS and lipid peroxidation activity may be stimulated by hyperglycemia as well as the presence of increased intracellular and extracellular cyclophilin A. Other factors that could induce ROS are hypoxia, secreted factors such as tyrosine kinase receptors etc. [60].