Remarkably, our recent findings show that Wnt5a is able to activate β-catenin-independent signaling pathway to promote stemness characteristics via PKC in the S18 cells.29 In other words, both β-catenin-independent (non-canonical) and -dependent (canonical) pathways are simultaneously and complementarily activated by autocrine wnt5a and serglycin, respectively, in NPC CSC-like S18 cell line with highly metastic potential. Here, SRGN is linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma.