CD4 and tuberculosis: Based on the current evidence, the WHO does not recommend the use of urinary LAM detection in patients with presumptive TB with the exception of HIV-positive individuals with low CD4+ counts or who are seriously ill, who may benefit from this test in addition to a well-established diagnostic tool.49 Other studies are underway to investigate on the role of mycobacterial metabolic products in exhaled breaths (the so-called ‘volatile organic compounds’) in the diagnosis of TB in symptomatic patients.50