Thus, activation of the Wnt pathway via Wnt ligands or inhibition of key negative regulators of the Wnt pathway, such as DKK-1 and GSK-3beta, are able to protect against Abeta neurotoxicity and to ameliorate cognitive performance in AD patients (Alvarez et al., 2004; Rosi et al., 2010; Shruster et al., 2011; Clevers and Nusse, 2012; Maguschak and Ressler, 2012a,b; Purro et al., 2012; Vargas et al., 2014). This evidence concerns the gene APP and Alzheimer disease.