The spatiotemporal immunopathological events (Fig 9) can be summarized as follows: i) rapid engulfment of Mabs by macrophages; ii) TNF release by activated macrophages, leading to ROS production and intracellular killing of Mabs, and IL8-driven chemotaxis that guides neutrophils to the infection site; iii) proficient granulomatogenesis and development of chronic infections. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.