Activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system commonly accompanies MI.18 Angiotensin-II, a potent vasoconstrictor, is involved with vascular tone and endothelial function, cardiac contractility, impulse propagation, and it stimulates the formation and secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal gland.19 We found increased levels of angiotensin-II in both the plasma and pericardial fluid in the anterior MI group. This evidence concerns the gene REN and myocardial infarction.