Similarly, patient 13 developed three attacks of myelitis and/or optic neuritis while on treatment with IFN-beta 1a i.m. or, later on, IFN-beta 1a s.c. Disease exacerbation following IFN-beta administration has also been reported in AQP4-IgG-positive NMO [65–69] and likely reflects differences in the immunopathogenesis of MS and NMO. The gene discussed is AQP4; the disease is optic neuritis.