HMGB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Extracellular HMGB1 acts as a proinflammatory mediator participating in the pathological processes of acute lung inflammation, transplant rejection, and ischemia-reperfusion injury [29–31] in addition to rheumatoid diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren's syndrome [32–34].