These findings, which were further replicated with two additional TLR7 agonists (imiquimod and gardiquimod), are consistent with previous reports implicating pDCs as the initial effector cells in the antiviral response linked to TLR7 activation, namely, via increased production of IFN-α (26, 27), and are in contrast to a recent report showing that both imiquimod and gardiquimod promote HIV infection of CD4+ T cells (28). Here, TLR7 is linked to HIV infectious disease.