In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the TGF-β signaling factor SMAD4 was shown to stimulate PITX2 expression, and a strong immunohistochemical PITX2 staining was reported to be associated with a better prognosis, whereas no correlation with methylation was observed [41]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.