GBM-specific CNAs that contribute to increased conversion of the Gli oncogenes into transcriptional activators, include gains of segments containing the genes encoding for two of the three Gli proteins, GLI3 (7p14.1) and GLI1 (12q13.3), which was first identified in a screen of amplified DNA in a malignant human glioma tumor sample [54]. Here, GLI1 is linked to glioblastoma.