Of the 67 archived samples from patients without any recognized immunodeficiency, three were positive for the presence of anti-GM-CSF antibodies compared with none of the healthy controls (n = 64), diseased controls (n = 43, adult patients with undiagnosed immunodeficiency) or cryptococcosis patients with recognized immunodeficiency (n = 36). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is Immunodeficiency.