This is borne out by reports in the literature; for example, in macrophages, p38 inhibitors are reported to reduce IFN-β induction in response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes, vesicular stomatitis virus, avian influenza virus H5N1, or Chlamydia muridarum but not induction by Sendai virus or poly(I·C) (84, –, 87). This evidence concerns the gene MAPK14 and infection.