IFNB1 and infection: This is borne out by reports in the literature; for example, in macrophages, p38 inhibitors are reported to reduce IFN-β induction in response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes, vesicular stomatitis virus, avian influenza virus H5N1, or Chlamydia muridarum but not induction by Sendai virus or poly(I·C) (84, –, 87).