Systematic administration of 4-PBA on HFD/STZ T2DM rats significantly attenuated RE stress, JNK-dependent NF-κB-mediated inflammation, and apoptotic cell death in hippocampi, which resulted in a partial recovery of spatial learning and memory consolidation (Figure 7 and Figure 8A-8F). Here, NFKB1 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.