TNF and Cerebral ischemia: We suggest that this is not the case, as in the current work, we observed elevated, not decreased expression of AMPs, the former of which is consistent with a reduced bacterial load, and furthermore, many laboratories have reported that GLY is anti- inflammatory in sterile models of inflammation.23,50,57,59,60 For example, using a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, Gong and coworkers23 revealed that GLY treatment significantly decreased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1, and IL-6.