CXCL9 and malaria: Severe malaria patients exhibit high levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IFNγ) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10), and lower levels of regulatory cytokines (IL-10, TGFβ, PGE2) [7] compared to those with mild and asymptomatic malaria [8–13].