Combining microscopic and submicroscopic infections, P. falciparum was associated with a significantly lower mean Hb concentration (mean = 11.9 g/dL) compared to P. vivax (mean = 12.6 g/dL); p = 0.003), but similar to P. malariae (mean = 11.9 g/dL) and mixed infections (mean = 11.9 g/dL); Table 3. Here, GSTM1 is linked to infection.