LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Many factors in addition to oxidative stress are considered to be involved in the association between BDNF and cardiovascular risks.[41] It has also been reported that the anorexic effect of BDNF might correlate with the levels of several cerebral peptides such as leptin or cholecystokinin, which also have peripheral effects on cardiovascular diseases.[33, 53, 54] Second, all subjects with obesity underwent both diet restriction and exercise promotion.