Additionally, in accordance with our recent findings in gliomas [10], application of a specific CXCL16 antibody (αCXCL16) which may also induce the intrinsic activity of tm-CXCL16, resulted in phosphorylation of both Akt and ERK1/2 (Fig. 2b, right side) after 20 min. Here, CXCL16 is linked to glioma.