TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: However, the cytokine and chemokine levels in the lungs at 6 months p.i. were significantly higher than those at 1 month p.i. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β) and chemokines (MCP-1) in whole-lung homogenates from T2DM mice were significantly higher than those in homogenates from Mtb-infected control mice or uninfected T2DM mice (Fig 3A).