PTGER1 and Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1: Various publications have identified that many inflammatory factors are involved in the progression of BPS/IC, especially in mediating the development of inflammation in the bladder tissue, including purinergic receptors (P2X3 and P2Y2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), E-series prostaglandin (EP) receptor subtypes (EP1 and EP2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R)4, 5, 6, 7; however, the potential key players in non-bacterial cystitis such as BPS/IC still remain unidentified.