These subsets show homology to murine subsets, as human CD1c+ DCs express IRF4 and show similarities to murine CD103+ CD11b+ DC, whereas CD141+ DCs are more akin to murine CD103+ CD11b− DC.12–15 Recently, it has been suggested that human intestinal DC can also be divided into functionally distinct subsets, using the markers CD103 and SIRPα, which appear transcriptionally homologous to the murine CD103/CD11b subsets.16 However, whether intestinal DCs regulate T-cell responses via TGFβ activation in the human system, and how such pathways are potentially altered in IBD, is completely unknown. Here, ITGAM is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.