Functionally, TGFβ can drive the differentiation of both pro-inflammatory T helper type 17 cells and anti-inflammatory Foxp3+ Tregs, depending on the cytokine environment.2 Thus, enhanced integrin αvβ8 expression in CD patients may be involved in promoting inflammation, or in a prolonged and unsuccessful anti-inflammatory feedback loop. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Cowden disease.