TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: SDP supplementation reduced the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as the phosphorylation of NF-κB, suggesting a possible mechanistic pathway of SDP immune modulation, since immunoneutralization of MAdCAM-1, or its leukocyte counter-receptor integrin α4β7, has been shown to result in significant clinical benefits in experimental and human inflammatory bowel disease [43,44].