TNF and Stroke: 2014a, Tang, Liu, et al., 2014b). In addition, the survival and function of transplanted MSCs after focal cerebral injury can be enhanced by melatonin pretreatment (Tang et al., 2014b). Both neurological deficit and brain edema and infarct volume are significantly decreased postischemic stroke with MSC treatment via the tail vein (Tang et al., 2014a). MSCs also protect against brain injury in the mouse by stimulating the production of TGF‐β (transforming growth factor), but reduce proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL‐1, TNF‐α) (Cheng et al., 2015).