CD4 and neoplasm: Doxorubicin has been shown to enhance the generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and promote tumour infiltration by activated IFN-γ producing CD8+ T cells [69, 101]. In vitro, doxorubicin increased antigen-specific CD4+ Th1 responses by inducing expression of CD40L and 4-1BB on CD4+ T cells [69].