In 24 cancer patients receiving the same black raspberry treatment, plasma concentration of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was increased compared to measurements before initiating the berry treatment, while the other 8 plasma cytokines measured (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, Interferon-γ, TNF-α) were not affected significantly. Here, CSF2 is linked to cancer.