ULK1 and prostate carcinoma: As shown in Fig. 5d, 21f downregulated not only the phosphorylation of S6K1 but also eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) (ref. 43) and mammalian autophagy-initiating kinase (ULK1) (ref. 44), known substrates of mTORC1 kinase, in a dose-dependent manner in HEK293T cell lines and two additional cell lines, Ca Ski cervical cancer cell and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines (Supplementary Fig. 17).