PPARG and escherichia coli infection: Philipson et al. showed that abrogation of PPARγ expression, by T lymphocyte specific conditional knockout or GW9662, enhances inflammatory and effector responses in the early stage of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection and improves bacterial clearance by increasing infiltration of leukocytes, including T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages [47], implying a deleterious effect of PPARγ activation/expression on host defense.