CD274 and neoplasm: The latter include the presence of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in tumor microenvironments [6, 12–14], increased PD-L1 expression on immune cells [15], no increase in peripheral-blood regulatory T cells, no decrease in antigen (NY-ESO-1, MART-1 and gp100) specific T cells [6], specific inflammation and IFN-γ-related mRNA-based signatures [16].