Key common signaling pathways and molecules in both niches include: CXCL12/CXCR4 axis mediating homing and maintenance of HSC/MM cells; IL-6 signaling mediating growth and survival of HSC/MM cells; as well as VCAM1/VLA-4 axis for retention of HSC/MM cells [8–10]. Here, VCAM1 is linked to Miyoshi myopathy.