CTLA4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Finally, as some of the effects of ionizing radiation are now recognized as contributing to antitumor immunity [39, 40], targeting molecules that downregulate the T cell immune response with immunotherapy such as anti-CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4) or anti-PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed death-1 and it ligands) are also currently assessed in patients with locally advanced NSCLC receiving definitive radiotherapy (NCT02125461, NCT02434081, NCT02400814).