TNF and metabolic syndrome: We have conducted a preliminary intervention study using MES + HS for subjects with metabolic syndrome or obese type 2 diabetes, and identified that this method activates the HSR and improved visceral adipose mass, glucose homeostasis, and inflammatory surrogate markers including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and C-reactive protein (CRP)6, which are quite similar to the effects observed in diabetic animal models treated with MES + HS7, 9.