NCAM1 and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: To evaluate the direct effects of fingolimod and fingolimod phosphate on CD56 expression, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were derived from HS and MS patients without DMD, and were cultured with fingolimod or fingolimod-phosphate at the concentration of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 μM.