APP and Alzheimer disease: We have previously shown that the SH-SY5Y cells can also be used to mirror the continuum of mitochondrial impairment from aging to the initial and the later stages of late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) [1, 2] by the addition of the complex I inhibitor rotenone as a model for the brain aging process, by slightly elevated β-amyloid (Aβ) levels due to the transfection with an additional copy of the human APP gene (SH-SY5Y APPwt) for the initial phase and by the combination of both interventions for the advanced phase of LOAD [29].