LTF and shigellosis: Previous reports have suggested that fecal lactoferrin in children and young adults have an upper limit of normal for healthy control individuals of 7.25 mg/ml [45], while another study conducted in healthy adult volunteers by Guerrant et al. [46] suggested that mild-moderate inflammation was <400 ng/mg; and high LF was ≥ 400 ng/mg (or /ul) as seen in 10 of 12 volunteers who developed classical febrile, inflammatory diarrhea with experimental shigellosis.