TNF and obesity disorder: Obesity is characterized by the expression of elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines like TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and MCP-1, and these factors have adverse effects on the differentiation and activation of osteoblasts while having supportive effects on osteoclasts (Weisberg et al., 2003; Cao, 2011; Redlich and Smolen, 2012; Makki et al., 2013).