These oxLDLs are shown to stimulate ROS production, receptor activation, induce signal transduction, cytotoxicity/apoptosis and inflammatory mediators (IL-8, prostanoids, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 [MCP-1] etc) to affect the activities of vascular cells such as endothelial cells, mononuclear cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to dysfunction and diseases (atherosclerosis, thrombosis, tumor metastasis, diabetes etc.)formation. Here, CCL2 is linked to atherosclerosis.