This notion is further supported by findings that mutations of genes not specific to TGFβ signaling transduction (e.g., ACTA2 and MYH11) also augment TGFβ signaling in the aortic wall, causing familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD)9. Here, TGFB1 is linked to familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection.