ICAM1 and diabetes mellitus: Moreover, studies demonstrated that diabetes induced oxidative stress increases the level of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) [31] and also upregulates inflammatory molecules like vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) [31], which leads to degeneration of neurons results in diabetic encephalopathy.