As discussed above, for example, a phase I/II study of an anti-TLR2 antibody (OPN-305, Opsona Therapeutics, Dublin, Ireland) is currently underway for the second-line treatment of lower-risk MDS patients based on preclinical studies showing improved erythroid colony formation upon TLR2 inhibition in MDS CD34+ cells in vitro. Here, CD34 is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.