TLR4 and lung carcinoma: Additionally, He and colleagues described the expression of functional TLR4 in human lung cancer cells (84) and found that TLR4 stimulation led to the secretion of numerous immunosuppressive cytokines, including VEGF and TGF-β, and the proangiogenic chemokine IL-8, thereby inducing resistance to TNFα and TRAIL-induced apoptosis in vitro.