One of the binding partners of TLR2, TLR1, was also shown to be significantly upregulated in leukemic stem cells (LSCs) derived from 18 AML patients as compared to normal bone marrow cells derived from healthy donors, a finding consistent with elevated TLR1 mRNA levels observed in MDS patients described earlier (15, 63). The gene discussed is TLR1; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.