As the cognate activator of TAK1 is transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) itself, and as the TGF-β pathway has previously been implicated in regulating GBM CSCs [30, 31], we next investigated a potential link between TGF-β and NF-κB in the setting of GBM. Here, NFKB1 is linked to glioblastoma.