We then assessed the expression of three immune-related genes (Ccl2, Cxcl1 and Il33) whose activity is thought to be regulated by Nov/Ccn3 (Le Dreau et al., 2010, Perbal, 2006), and that have previously been implicated in PP (Ccl2) or bipolar disorder (Il33) pathogenesis (Barbosa et al., 2014, Bergink et al., 2013). Here, CXCL1 is linked to bipolar disorder.