TNF and neoplasm: Other mechanisms associated with the anti-tumor activity of NDV were also reported such as activation of the intrinsic death pathway, activation of the endoplasmic eIF2a kinase PERK and caspase 12, and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) from the infected tumor cells [7, 19–22].