TNF and Alzheimer disease: Consistent with data reported in AD patients and mice models [29–33], a significant increase in the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was detected by ELISA in the serum and brains of mice i.c. injected with H-Aβ24 and of H-Aβ42/H-Aβ24 mix, and much less with H-Aβ42 alone (Fig. 2d and e).