NFE2L2 and diabetes mellitus: SFN also upregulated nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2-) like factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream genes, NQO1 and HO-1; SFN decreased 4-HNE-LKB1 adducts and reversed the diabetes-induced inhibition of LKB1/AMPK and its downstream targets, including sirtuin 1, PGC-1α, phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1.